Background important drivers of the loss of biodiversity. Our research explores these sorts of ecological dynamics using mathematical tools, species record databases and experimental approaches. Challenges include whether seed dispersal is sufficient for population connectivity, the role of seed banks and problems with studying colonization and extinction in long. Metapopulation ecology ilkka hanski oxford series in ecology and evolution. A metapopulation is a spatially structured population that persists over time as a set of local populations with limited dispersal between them. Predicting metapopulation responses to conservation in human.
For a given species, each metapopulation is continually being modified by increases births and immigrations and decreases deaths and emigrations of individuals, as well as by the emergence and dissolution of local populations contained within it. Assignments refer to inclass activities or due dates for other course assignments. Rather than track individual organisms through time, a metapopulation approach tracks the. Metapopulation structure informs conservation management in a heavily exploited coastal shark mustelus henlei jonathan sandovalcastillo1,2, luciano b. Models in landscape ecology use detailed descriptions of landscape structure, but often without considering colonization and extinction dynamics. Stochastic models for mainlandisland metapopulations in. An r package for simulating metapopulation dynamics and. The term metapopulation was coined by richard levins in 1969 to describe a model of population dynamics of insect pests in agricultural fields, but the idea has been most broadly applied to species in naturally or artificially fragmented habitats. Several chapters closely integrate ecology with genetics and evolutionary biology, and others illustrate how metapopulation concepts and models can be. It covers both the essential theory and a wide range of empirical studies, including the authors groundbreaking work on the glanville fritillary butterfly. Further development of landscape ecology as a predictive rather than a descriptive science requires concepts or theories that link landscape patterns to their consequences. Metapopulation theory is used to analyse the effects of habitat fragmentation on birds in the temperate zone, integrating various explanations for the paucity of species in isolated ecotopes. These data are consistent with predictions from metapopulation theory. These spatially separated populations interact as individual members move from one population to another.
Form concepts and observations to predictive models. Ecosystems describe the web or network of relations among organisms at different scales of organization. Many organisms have to face largescale habitat destruction and fragmentation of. Many organisms have to face largescale habitat destruction and fragmentation of larger populations. Metapopulation ecology concerns organisms that are dependent upon discrete patches of suitable habitat. Populations of butterflies and coralreef fishes are good examples of metapopulation. Recent studies have expanded this conceptual framework and it is now accepted that sourcesink dynamics may be driven by multiple mechanisms that result in habitatspeci. The persistence of a sis disease in a metapopulation. New models also allow for estimating occupancy for organisms that are difficult to detect, as is the case with the highly secretive black rail. As metapopulation theorists continue to add complexity and realism to simple patchmatrix models, they come closer and closer to developing true mosaic models. Accessible to advanced undergraduate and graduate students, metapopulation ecology will be a valuable resource for researchers in population biology, conservation biology, and landscape ecology. It is only recently that ecologists have fully realized that a relatively simple general theory can be readily constructed that. Metapopulation theory, its use and misuse sciencedirect.
We use your linkedin profile and activity data to personalize ads and to show you more relevant ads. Niu eds, wealth, health and faith sustainability study in china. Set of local populations occupying an array of habitat patches and linked by the movements of individuals movement. Metapopulation models have been used to explain lifehistory evolution, such as the ecological stability of amphibian metamorphosis in small vernal ponds. Metapopulation and metacommunity theories occupy a central role in ecology, but can be difficult to apply to plants. From metapopulation dynamics to community structure. All things, by a law divine, in one anothers being mingle. Equivalently, pt is the probability that a particular host patch is infected by the disease. Metapopulation ecology uc berkeley college of natural resources. Metapopulation models describe how the spatial distribution of patches affects colonization and extinction, but often do not account for the heterogeneity in the landscape between patches.
Ecology, genetics and evolution of metapopulations 1st. But ecology isnt just the study of species diversity, and species diversity is affected by more than just two variables. In response to this knowledge gap, we studied the dispersal, demography, and viability of a metapopulation of an endangered, disturbancedependent shorebird. Even without local extinctions, metapopulation structure has implications for abundance of local populations, as well as those populations age, size, and. Apr, 2000 the metapopulation capacity should find many applications in metapopulation ecology, landscape ecology and conservation biology. Connectivity, cycles, and persistence thresholds in.
In 1999, he received the international ecology institute prize in terrestrial ecology as well as the president. Increasing connectivity between metapopulation ecology and. Lions living on isolated habitat patches exist in a matrix of lesspreferred habitat. Readings refer to chapters in economy of nature 7th edition, authors. Biochemical techniques theory and practice pdf files. A framework of habitat patches within a lesssuitable matrix describes a metapopulation. Synchronisation and stability in river metapopulation. Metapopulation models can be used to examine factors that cause patch colonizations or patch extinctions. Metapopulations and migration the concept of metapopulations was defined in 196955 as a population of populations which go extinct locally and recolonize. Metapopulation ecology research approach a metapopulation is a population of populations distributed in discrete habitat patches that are linked by occasional dispersal. Metapopulation dynamics have received much attention in conservation and population biology, but the standard approach has also been criticized for being too restrictive, as it is based on the effect. Metapopulations are often studied using simulation modelling, and there is an increasing demand of userfriendly software tools to simulate metapopulation responses to environmental change.
We present two models for mainlandisland metapopulations. Percy bysshe shelley 17921822, loves philosophy introduction wherever wildlife management concerns the. I discuss the relative strengths and weaknesses of different types of metapopulation models, taking for granted that there is a need to develop both general theory and predictive models. Metapopulation ecology has gained significance as we confront landscapes that are increasingly fragmented. At equilibrium, the frequencies of local extinctions and colonisations are in balance. A metapopulation is a group of populations that are separated by space but consist of the same species. There is some evidence that turnover of local populations occurs in fragmented systems. Metapopulation dynamics and landscape ecology sciencedirect. There were probably fewer than 100 marmots in 1998, with 90%. Spatial structure in landscapes impacts population stability.
The persistence of a sis disease in a metapopulation foley. Our results shed light on the relative importance of dispersal ability and habitat turnover spatial structure on the components of time. Aug 31, 2009 we use your linkedin profile and activity data to personalize ads and to show you more relevant ads. Although the term metapopulation had not yet been coined, the environmental factors of spatial heterogeneity and habitat patchiness would later describe the conditions of a metapopulation relating to how groups of spatially separated populations of species interact with one another.
Day 4 heterogeneity in time stochastic models space. The conservation options at a metapopula tion level include reserve design, reintroduc tion and translocation, dispersal corridors and management actions geared to local population dynamics such as sources and sinks. View notes biol 410 lecture topic 6 metapopulations. Metapopulation ecology is used in conservation biology and in population genetics where it influences genetic structure, the rate and trajectory of evolution and even what traits are under selection. Much of spatial ecology since the late 1960s has been dominated by two theories, the dynamic theory of island biogeography and the classical metapopulation theory.
Metapopulation ecology ilkka hanski oxford university. Ecology, genetics and evolution of metapopulations is acollection of specially commissioned articles that looks at fragmented habitats, bringing together recent theoretical advances and empirical studies applying the metapopulation approach. Metapopulation ecology ilkka hanski, professor in the. An emerging discipline to study metapopulation ecology david g. The word ecology oekologie, first proposed by earnst haeckel 1869, a german biologist, is derived from greek words, oikos meaning the dwelling place or home and logos meaning the discourse or study. The simple metapopulation model did not do a good job of predicting the patch occupancy of these butterflies. Metapopulation and its applications in conservation biology songklanakarin j. Beheregaray1,2 1molecular ecology laboratory, school of biological sciences, flinders university, adelaide, sa 5001, australia. Metapopulation, in ecology, a regional group of connected populations of a species. These spatially separated populations interact as individual members move from one.
In recent times more than before, human populations expand and require larger areas for agriculture and other landuse goals, often at the expense of natural ecosystems. Ecology, genetics and evolution of metapopulations 1st edition. Finally, communities of species that are distributed in a landscape potentially form metacommunity. The metapopulation biology and evolutionary ecology of these bacterial systems, in these synthetic ecosystems, can be addressed using experimental biophysics. It presents the incidence function model and includes several detailed examples of its application. The metapopulation capacity of a fragmented landscape nature. Baguette 2004 has criticized the use of patchoccupancy metapopulation models in conservation. Conservation biology, habitat fragmentation, and metapopulations. Metapopulation ecology uc berkeley college of natural. Metapopulation ecology of vancouver island marmots. Written by a world renowned biologist, this volume offers a comprehensive synthesis of current research in this rapidly expanding area of population biology. In the classic view, metapopulations were considered collections. This is an easy book to read, and the author is refreshingly honest about his biases, which include cursory coverage of population genetics and evolution, and a passion for the incidence function model. A metapopulation consists of a group of spatially separated populations of the same species which interact at some level.
However, almost all investigations consider wood fragmentation in agricultural landscapes, and there is a great need for studies in naturally fragmented landscapes as well as for. Despite the importance of connectivity in dynamic environments, few empirical studies have examined temporal variability in dispersal or its effect on metapopulation dynamics. Since ecology refers to any form of biodiversity, ecologists research everything from tiny bacterias role in nutrient. Metapopulation biology is concerned with the dynamic consequences of migration among local populations and the conditions of regional persistence of species with unstable local populations. Several chapters closely integrate ecology with genetics and evolutionary biology, and others illustrate. Metapopulation and its applications in conservation biology. The metapopulation capacity of a fragmented landscape skip to main.
Human activities and natural disasters are the main causes of metapopulation and increase the population that occurs as metapopulatons. Metapopulation ecology has provided a powerful set of tools for applied conservation soule et al. Huffakers experiment is significant because it showed how metapopulations can directly affect the. Ecoevolutionary metapopulation dynamics and the spatial. Metapopulation a set of spatially disjunct populations, among which there is some immigration. The second accounts for landscape dynamics by modelling both the number of suitable and the number occupied patches.
The metapopulation paradigm is central in ecology and conservation biology to understand the dynamics of spatiallystructured populations in fragmented landscapes. The metapopulation capacity should find many applications in metapopulation ecology, landscape ecology and conservation biology. Metapopulation theory and concepts are the central paradigm for understanding the spatial and temporal dynamics of species interactions. So far, we have looked at populations with the assumption of geographic closure. Metapopulation is a population in which individuals are spatially distributed in a habitat in two or more subpopulations. An r package for simulating metapopulation dynamics and range. Due to anthropogenic pressures, african lion panthera leo populations in kenya and tanzania are increasingly limited to fragmented populations. When the chance of extinction is completely independent in each local population, the probability of metapopulation extinction rapidly declines with increasing number of local populations. The latter theory largely replaced the former one in the 1980s, especially in conservation applications. Two linked components of stability have large consequences for persistence. Metapopulation ecology ilkka hanski oxford university press.
The population surveys show more populations going extinct each year than are being colonized, and therefore predicts that the whole metapopulation should collapse. A highlight is hanskis ability to relate metapopulation ecology to other parts of ecology applied and pure. A metapopulation approach to african lion panthera leo. Spatially realistic theory of metapopulation ecology. Population ecology lecture 7 metapopulation quizlet. If the metapopulation has extremely variable patch sizes, then mainlandisland models are more appropriate, in that some patches become. Metapopulation structure informs conservation management in a.
Metapopulation ecology of vancouver island marmots marmota vancouverensis supervisor. Equivalently, pt is the probability that a particular host patch is infected by. Metapopulation ecology has grown considerably since levins landmark papers, and modern metapopulation research often considers more than simply local presence or absence of organisms. Is the metapopulation concept applicable to the north sea. Empirical and theoretical investigations, academic press, london. He has served on the editorial boards of trends in ecology and evolution, the american naturalist, journal of insect conservation, global change biology, annales zooligici fennici, oecologia, oikos, and theoretical population biology.
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